安绿玉的谱学特征与呈色机理

新近发现的安绿玉为利蛇纹石型岫玉,其中铁质的含量、价态及占位与玉石的颜色密切相关.黄色玉的穆斯堡尔谱中出现四组四极双峰,表明Fe~(2+)分布于M1,Fe~(3+)分布于M2、M1及T晶位,Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)>4,因而Fe~(3+)d-d跃迁较强,故呈黄色;绿色玉中因含一定量的斜绿泥石,其穆斯堡尔谱表现出M2、M1中均有Fe~(2+)、M2、M1及T中均有Fe~(3+),但Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)<1致使Fe~(3+)d-d跃遇减弱以至消失,而Fe~(2+)→Fe~(3+)荷移吸收占优势,故而主要呈现绿色.     

杀螺微生物的分离与杀螺及抑菌活性的研究

对中国典型培养物保藏中心的凸形假单胞菌(Pseudomonasconvexa)AB93077,AB93065和浅灰链霉菌(Streptomycesgriseolus)AA93066,AA92070,AA94037的杀螺活性进行研究表明AA92070,AA94037具有杀螺活性,其它三种菌株在本实验条件下未见杀螺活性。另外从环境中分离到一株新的具杀螺活性的链霉菌WZ,与以往报道的杀螺链霉菌不同,它的孢子丝顶端为卷曲或螺旋状。链霉菌AA92070,AA94037,WZ的发酵液经100℃处理5min后仍具有杀螺活性,这表明三种链霉菌所产生的杀螺素具有一定的耐热性。通过测定三种链霉菌发酵液的抑菌谱,可初步看出三种菌的发酵产物主要抑制细菌的生长。     

蚊香烟气气溶胶单粒子的粒径和质谱测量

在自行研制的气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪上,对两种蚊香烟气气溶胶单粒子的粒径和质谱进行了实时在线测量。通过分析蚊香烟气气溶胶的统计粒径数据和大量单粒子质谱图,发现其粒径主要分布在小粒径的纳米区间,且粒子中可能包含K+、Na+、碳氢化合物离子、重金属元素离子以及多环芳香烃化合物离子如苊、芴和苊烯的分子离子峰C12H10+、C13H10+和C12H8+等物质。并总结出微烟蚊香和有烟蚊香在粒径分布和化学成分等方面的异同点。金彩虹微烟蚊香烟气中包含的Mo+可以作为其区别于雷达有烟蚊香的特征标志。     

Aerosol optical properties derived from simultaneous sunphotometer and aureolemeter measurements in Lhasa

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Shifts in a Pacific Ocean Fish Assemblage: the Potential Influence of Exploitation

Abstract:  As in many regions of the world, marine fishes and invertebrates along the Pacific coast of the United States have long been subjected to overexploitation. Despite this history, however, we lack basic information on the current status of many fishes along this coastline. We used data from a quarter century of fishery-independent, coast-wide trawl surveys to study systematically the demersal fish assemblages along the U.S. Pacific coast. We documented fundamental shifts in this fish assemblage. Average fish size, across a diversity of species, has declined 45% in 21 years. There have been major shifts in the constituent species of the assemblage, with some species achieving annual population growth rates of >10% and others declining in excess of 10% per year. Annual rate of change in population size appeared to be a function of life history interacting with fishing pressure. Negative trends in population size were particularly apparent in rockfish ( Sebastes spp.). However, across all taxa examined, trends in population size were associated with size of maturity, maximum size, and growth rate. Trends in population size were associated inversely with harvest levels, but stocks that mature late tended to decline faster than would be predicted by catch rates alone. Our results are disquieting because they raise the possibility that fishing-induced phase shifts in fish communities may affect the recovery of fishes, even after the implementation of severe fishing restrictions.     

Multi-level complexity in the use of plant allelochemicals by aposematic insects

Summary As recognized by Miriam Rothschild as early as the 1960s and repeatedly emphasized in her papers, the use, misuse, or non-use of plant allelochemicals by insects is extremely variable and difficult to predict, at many levels of time, space, and biological organization. Although certain patterns that reoccur have been important in the development of ecological theory, the optimization of cost-benefit equations involving two or three trophic levels, each with large numbers of individuals, populations, and species in erratic and complex interactions, produces unexpected and fascinating scenarios. The development of rapid colorimetric and chromatographic analyses for several types of plant allelochemicals, notably certain groups of alkaloids, cardiac and cyanogenic glycosides, phenolics, terpenes, and glucosinolates, has permitted a detailed investigation of the variation and flow of these substances in natural organisms and ecosystems. The results of these analyses, in our hands mostly for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), do not suggest a straightforward classical choice by the aposematic insect to simply sequester or synthesize its defences. Rather, they reveal a confusing variety of diffuse and complex patterns that become increasingly closer to chaos as they are multiplied across structures, species, sexes, stages, sites, seasons, and selective regimes. We present a model reflecting results of analyses at this chemoecological interface. Depending upon an initial option, involving the recognition (or not) of a plant allelochemical, the herbivore will face thereafter options to ingest it (or not), and then to tolerate and absorb (or detoxify and excrete), modify (or not), passively, actively or selectively accumulate, turn over (or not), distribute (or concentrate), and use this compound in a variety of growth, defense, or reproductive functions. The herbivore can also quantitatively or qualitatively regulate the intensity or dispersion of its attack on the plant tissues, in order to modify feedback loops of selection on the plant and its chemicals which exist in most of the earlier steps, or those with its predators and parasites that occur in the later ones. Options that lead to mutualism through positive feedback loops will tend to accumulate and become rapidly fixed by natural selection. Additional variations and anomalies such as automimicry, chemical mimicry, sexual dimorphism and communication, selective sequestration and passing-up of allelochemicals, special glands and structures, and synergism effects, are among the secondary complications of this model that have occupied much thought, time, experimental labor, and polemical space in chemical ecology journals and meetings. Examination of the tendencies and results at various points in the model can be used to explain these features and to make further predictions, plan experiments, and devise activity-based bioassays and new chemical analyses. These may lead some day to new and more robust visions of the major patterns of chemical transfer at this widespread and important natural interface.     

内陆湿热地区机场环境谱编制

目的编制内陆湿热地区机场环境谱。方法分析影响飞机(直升机)日历寿命的地面主要环境因素,确定内陆湿热地区环境因素数据监测项目,以机场气象环境因素为基础,以现场测量化学环境因素为补充,编制机场环境谱,通过机场地区整体环境特性分析验证环境谱的有效性。结果机场环境均具有典型的内陆湿热地区非工业环境特点,大气腐蚀性等级中等(C3级)。结论量化了内陆湿热地区服役直升机面临的使用环境,为内陆湿热地区直升机环境适应性考核验证和腐蚀防护设计提供输入。     

Evaluating wilderness recreational opportunities: Application of an impact matrix

An inventory of the severity and spatial distribution of wilderness campsite impacts in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks identified a total of 273 distinct nodes of campsites or “management areas.” A campsite impact matrix was developed to evaluate management areas based on total impacts (correlated to the total area of campsite development) and the density, or concentration, of impacts relative to each area's potentially campable area. The matrix is used to quantify potential recreational opportunities for wilderness visitors in a spectrum from areas offering low impact-dispersed camping to those areas offering high impact-concentrated camping. Wilderness managers can use this type of information to evaluate use distribution patterns, identify areas to increase or decrease use, and to identify areas needing site-specific regulations (e.g., one-night camping limits) to preserve wilderness resources and guarantee outstanding opportunities for solitude.     

设备作业职业事故的预测分析及对策

目前,我国直接和间接参与设备作业的人数,达二亿多人。因此,职业作业安全十分重要。本文介绍了应用FFT谱分析技术进行职业作业事故预测分析,能在潜在性故障尚未转变成功能性故障前,即发生事故前给出预告,便于人们实施措施对策。从而从根本上杜绝事故的发生,确保生产安全。     

便携式质谱仪应用于交通干线苯系物污染特征分析

介绍了EcoSys-P便携式质谱仪在无车日前后对交通干线环境空气中苯系物现场监测中的情况,同时该方法与经典的气相-质谱联机进行了对比试验,相对偏差≤25%,能够满足交通干线环境空气苯系物的现场监测要求.